A distances matrix is a table that contains information on the distance (in metres) between every pair of spatial elements in your study area (i.e. your receiver stations and your release sites). It looks like the table below:

There are two ways to create a distance matrix for actel: manually, or automatically. While the manual way is more prone to errors and can be tedious, the automatic way can take some time and requires some GIS knowledge. It is up to you to decide which way to use:

The automatic way

As your studies start having more and more receivers, it might get complicated to find and write down the distances between every single combination of receivers and release sites. To avoid doing this manually, you can get R to do it for you. Here's what you need:

• A shapefile with a land polygon of your study area.
• The coordinates of your receivers and release sites in the same coordinate system as the shapefile.

If you are not familiar with shapefiles and GIS, it might be a good idea to ask for a colleague's help.

Preparing the shapefile

To begin, you need to create a shapefile that extends over all your receivers and release sites. This shapefile is expected to contain polygons of the land masses, which means that your rivers, lakes, fjords and any water bodies must be "empty space". The width of your water channels is important, as the shapefile will be converted into a raster later on (i.e. a image made of pixels). If your pixels represent squares of 30 by 30 metres, and your channel width originally was of five metres, then the river path will be lost during the conversion process. Try to ensure, as best as possible, that the corners of your shapefile are aligned (i.e. the shape as a rectangular/quadrangular form).

Below is an example of the study area in the left, and the respective shapefile in the right:

Once you have your shapefile ready, copy the shapefile and respective auxiliary files to the folder where you have your 'spatial.csv'. Do make sure to copy the auxiliary files, as they contain information regarding the coordinate system of the shapefile!

Preparing the spatial.csv file

In your spatial file, you must include two columns with the coordinates for your receiver stations and release sites. These coordinates **must** be in the same coordinate system as the shapefile you just created before. Later on, you will need to know the *column names* of the columns that contain the X and Y coordinates.

Importing the shapefile and preparing it

Now that both your shapefile and your spatial.csv file are ready, lets get back to R. The first thing you need to do is import your shapefile and convert to a raster. I have created a function that can perform these steps for you, called shapeToRaster().

base.raster <- shapeToRaster(shape, size, spatial, coord.x, coord.y, buffer)

1. The shape is the path to your shapefile, including the ".shp" extension.
2. The size determines the size of the raster's pixels..
   • For example, if size = 20, then each pixel will have 20 by 20 meters.
   • Keep in mind that your pixel size must allow R to still capture the presence of your river channels. If the river channels are too slim, you can go back to your shapefile and artificially enlarge them.
3. The coord.x and coord.y allow actel to search your spatial.csv file and match the station positions with the extent of the shapefile. Write the names of the columns containing the x and y coordinates in these two arguments to activate these checks.
4. The buffer allows you to request an expansion of the shapefile limits (can come in handy to ensure your stations are not cut-off from each other).

Once the shapefile is successfully loaded, you can have a quick look at the resulting raster by running raster::plot(); i.e.:

raster::plot(base.raster)

This should show you a plot where only the water areas are painted. Some water may show up around the edges of the original shapefile due to the range adjustments made by shapeToRaster. Converting a shapefile into a raster can take a while, specially if the original shapefile is very big and the pixel size is low.

Creating a transition layer

A transition layer is an object that allows R to estimate least cost paths between two locations. Using the raster generated above, creating a transition layer is straight forward:

t.layer <- transitionLayer(base.raster, directions = 16)

The directions determine the complexity of R's distance tracking techniques. It can take one of four values: four, eight or sixteen, defaulting to the latter.

• If directions = 4, the animal can only in the direction of the cardinal winds (North, South, East and West).
• If directions = 8, the animal can also move in a intercardinal wind direction (Northeast, Northwest, Southeast and Southwest).
• If directions = 16, then the animal can also move in the eight half-winds' directions.

Increasing the directions improves the distance estimation fidelity, but also increases computation time.

Transition layers can take a long time to compute, especially for larger rasters, so you may have to bear with your computer for a bit here. To avoid having to go through this process multiple times, it may be a good idea to save the output of shapeToRaster and transitionLayer in a separate RData file, for later use.

Creating the distances matrix

Once you have your transition layer, you can use it to calculate multiple distances matrices, as long as the target objects fall within the extent of the original shapefile, and all targets are within water. To create your distances matrix, you must run distancesMatrix() in the same working directory as your 'spatial.csv' file. This will allow it you automatically load the spatial file into the function environment.

dist.mat <- distancesMatrix(t.layer, coord.x, coord.y)

The t.layer is the transition layer you just calculated. Fill in the column names of the X and Y coordinates of your 'spatial.csv' file in coord.x and coord.y. When you run this command, actel will ask you if you want to save the output to a 'distances.csv' file. Alternatively, you can check the output within R and then save the matrix yourself!

Actel will automatically recognise the 'distances.csv' file and activate speed calculations in your next analysis!

Here is a minimal example:

# move to a temporary directory to avoid
# overwriting local files
old.wd <- getwd()
setwd(tempdir())

# Fetch the location of actel's example files
aux <- system.file(package = "actel")[1]

# deploy the example spatial.csv file
file.copy(paste0(aux, "/example_spatial.csv"), "spatial.csv")

# import the example shapefile and use the spatial.csv file to check
# the extents.
base.raster <- shapeToRaster(shape = paste0(aux, "/example_shapefile.shp"), 
                         coord.x = "x", coord.y = "y", size = 20)

# You can have a look at the resulting raster by running
raster::plot(base.raster)
# There should be two small islands in the bottom left area

# Build the transition layer
t.layer <- transitionLayer(base.raster)

# compile the distances matrix. Columns x and y in the spatial dataframe
# contain the coordinates of the stations and release sites.
dist.mat <- distancesMatrix(t.layer, coord.x = 'x', coord.y = 'y')

# check out the output:
dist.mat

# And return to your old working directory once done :)
setwd(old.wd)
rm(old.wd)

Remember that you can find more information about each of these functions by visiting their help pages. You can access the help pages by running ?shapeToRaster, ?transitionLayer or ?distancesMatrix.

The manual way

The manual way is simple. In your R session, move to the folder where you have your spatial file, and run the command emptyMatrix. This will read your spatial data and create a matrix that is in accordance with it. It is important that you create your template this way, as the column and row names of the distance matrix are essential for actel to recognise the data. Below is an example of a distances matrix created by emptyMatrix.

You can find the correspondence between the standard names (e.g. "St.1", "St.2") and your receivers by running loadSpatial() (see the 'Standard.name' column).

Now, you can either fill in the matrix directly in R or save it and edit it a spreadsheet editor (make sure to save the row names too!). To simplify the task, you can fill in the upper diagonal-half of the matrix, reload into R if you used an external editor, and then run completeMatrix on the edited object.

Here is how it works:

1. Fill in the top part of the matrix:

   	St.1	St.2	St.3	St.4	St.5	St.6	Release
   St.1	0	1366	3417	6912	8864	9273	2230
   St.2		0	2051	5546	7498	7906	3570
   St.3			0	3528	5480	5889	5621
   St.4				0	1963	2372	9116
   St.5					0	409	11068
   St.6						0	11476
   Release							0

2. Run completeMatrix() on the half-filled matrix:

   	St.1	St.2	St.3	St.4	St.5	St.6	Release
   St.1	0	1366	3417	6912	8864	9273	2230
   St.2	1366	0	2051	5546	7498	7906	3570
   St.3	3417	2051	0	3528	5480	5889	5621
   St.4	6912	5546	3528	0	1963	2372	9116
   St.5	8864	7498	5480	1963	0	409	11068
   St.6	9273	7906	5889	2372	409	0	11476
   Release	2230	3570	5621	9116	11068	11476	0

3. Save the complete matrix as 'distances.csv' in the folder that has the remaining actel data.